THE CONTINUITY OF PRE-ISLAMIC MOTIFS IN JAVANESE MOSQUE ORNAMENTATION, INDONESIA
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Table Lists
PART 1
Preface: Why this research? 6
Research Questions
Gaps in Knowledge
I: Regionalism of Islamic Art and Architecture in Southeast Asia and Java, Indonesia 10
II: Appreciating Islamic Ornament 15
Ornament as Beautification and Symbolism
Three Genres: Arabesque, Geometry, Calligraphy
III: Hindu-Buddhist Java (8-15C) 24
Java, Indonesia
The Process of Hinduisation
A Fusion of Animism, Hinduism, and Buddhism
Temples: A Replica of the Cosmos Mountain, Meru
Four Motifs in Javanese Temple Ornamentation
Summary and Conclusion
IV: Islamic Java (15C-to the Present Day) 42
Syncretic Islam in Javanese Mosques
Three Islamic Periods
Javanese Mosque Ornamentation
Summary and Conclusion
V: Identification of Motifs in Javanese Mosques 67
Interviews on Identifying Ornaments
Summary and Conclusion
PART 2
VI: Logical but Creative Approach to Aims and Solutions 76
Data Collection by Triangulation
Choice of the Representative Selection
Four Indicators: Elements and Principles of Design
Five Variables to Four Motifs
Scaled Value, Mode, and Total Numbers in Four Motifs
Limitations of the Study
Summary
VII: Transcendence of Pre-Islamic Tumpals via Javanese Temples to Mosques 98
Prehistoric Tumpals in Javanese Temples and Mosques
Background
The Nature of Lines
Basic Type of Line and Its Subdivisions
Comparing Five Further Characteristics
Examined by Space: Other Elements of Design
Observing Emphasis: Principles of Design
On Mihrabs
Summary and Conclusion
VIII: Metamorphosis of Pre-Islamic Kala-Makara from Temple to Mosque Ornamentation 116
Hindu-Buddhist Kala-Makaras in Temples and Mosques
Background
Analysed by Basic Type of Shape and Its Subdivisions
Comparing Five Further Characteristics of Shape
Examined by Colour: Other Elements of Design
Observing Unity-Variety: Principles of Design
On Mihrabs
Summary and Conclusion
IX: Pre-Islamic Lotus Buds in Javanese Muslims’ Imagination 135
Hindu-Buddhist Lotus Buds in Temples and Mosques
Background
Analysed by Basic Type of Form and Its Subdivisions
Comparing Five Further Characteristics of Form
Examined by Value: Other Elements of Design
Observing Size: Principles of Design
On Mihrabs
Summary and Conclusion
X: Harmony of Pre-Islamic Scrolls with Islamic Arabesques in Javanese Mosques 154
Hindu-Buddhist Scrolls in Javanese Temples and Mosques
Background
Analysed by Basic Type of Rhythm and Its Subdivisions
Comparing Five Further Characteristics of Rhythm
Examined by Texture: Other Elements of Design
Observing Proportion: Other Principles of Design
On Mihrabs
Summary and Conclusion
PART 3
Summary & Conclusion: Bhinneka Ika Tunggal 172
Preparing Findings
Reincarnation of Pre-Islamic Motifs in Mosques
Four Motifs: Diversity of Expression in Unity of Concept
Four Sacred Motifs in Secular Context
Evaluation and Importance of the Findings
Contribution of Knowledge and Further Research
APPENDIX 204
Glossary, References/Bibliography, Syncretic/Orthodox Islamic Ornaments in the 30 Javanese Mosques, Four Motifs
PART 1
Preface: Why this research? 6
Research Questions
Gaps in Knowledge
I: Regionalism of Islamic Art and Architecture in Southeast Asia and Java, Indonesia 10
II: Appreciating Islamic Ornament 15
Ornament as Beautification and Symbolism
Three Genres: Arabesque, Geometry, Calligraphy
III: Hindu-Buddhist Java (8-15C) 24
Java, Indonesia
The Process of Hinduisation
A Fusion of Animism, Hinduism, and Buddhism
Temples: A Replica of the Cosmos Mountain, Meru
Four Motifs in Javanese Temple Ornamentation
Summary and Conclusion
IV: Islamic Java (15C-to the Present Day) 42
Syncretic Islam in Javanese Mosques
Three Islamic Periods
Javanese Mosque Ornamentation
Summary and Conclusion
V: Identification of Motifs in Javanese Mosques 67
Interviews on Identifying Ornaments
Summary and Conclusion
PART 2
VI: Logical but Creative Approach to Aims and Solutions 76
Data Collection by Triangulation
Choice of the Representative Selection
Four Indicators: Elements and Principles of Design
Five Variables to Four Motifs
Scaled Value, Mode, and Total Numbers in Four Motifs
Limitations of the Study
Summary
VII: Transcendence of Pre-Islamic Tumpals via Javanese Temples to Mosques 98
Prehistoric Tumpals in Javanese Temples and Mosques
Background
The Nature of Lines
Basic Type of Line and Its Subdivisions
Comparing Five Further Characteristics
Examined by Space: Other Elements of Design
Observing Emphasis: Principles of Design
On Mihrabs
Summary and Conclusion
VIII: Metamorphosis of Pre-Islamic Kala-Makara from Temple to Mosque Ornamentation 116
Hindu-Buddhist Kala-Makaras in Temples and Mosques
Background
Analysed by Basic Type of Shape and Its Subdivisions
Comparing Five Further Characteristics of Shape
Examined by Colour: Other Elements of Design
Observing Unity-Variety: Principles of Design
On Mihrabs
Summary and Conclusion
IX: Pre-Islamic Lotus Buds in Javanese Muslims’ Imagination 135
Hindu-Buddhist Lotus Buds in Temples and Mosques
Background
Analysed by Basic Type of Form and Its Subdivisions
Comparing Five Further Characteristics of Form
Examined by Value: Other Elements of Design
Observing Size: Principles of Design
On Mihrabs
Summary and Conclusion
X: Harmony of Pre-Islamic Scrolls with Islamic Arabesques in Javanese Mosques 154
Hindu-Buddhist Scrolls in Javanese Temples and Mosques
Background
Analysed by Basic Type of Rhythm and Its Subdivisions
Comparing Five Further Characteristics of Rhythm
Examined by Texture: Other Elements of Design
Observing Proportion: Other Principles of Design
On Mihrabs
Summary and Conclusion
PART 3
Summary & Conclusion: Bhinneka Ika Tunggal 172
Preparing Findings
Reincarnation of Pre-Islamic Motifs in Mosques
Four Motifs: Diversity of Expression in Unity of Concept
Four Sacred Motifs in Secular Context
Evaluation and Importance of the Findings
Contribution of Knowledge and Further Research
APPENDIX 204
Glossary, References/Bibliography, Syncretic/Orthodox Islamic Ornaments in the 30 Javanese Mosques, Four Motifs